This Insight provides an overview of new evidence on the importance of early childhood education (ECE) in Zambia. DevTech through the USAID Education Data Activity project in Zambia presented original research on ECE to education stakeholders at the Comparative International Education Symposium on April 26, 2021. Under the USAID Education Data Activity, DevTech Systems, Inc., conducted this research in partnership with the University of Zambia Center for the Promotion of Literacy in Sub-Saharan Africa (CAPOLSA).
In 2004, Zambian early childhood education (ECE) programming was transferred from the Ministry of Local Government to the Ministry of General Education. Until 2014, private schools and churches offered ECE to the public at a fee. Following a national decree in 2014, the Government of the Republic of Zambia began enrolling ECE learners in centers annexed from primary schools. Despite directives to create ECE centers within existing school infrastructure, enrollment levels remain low at 26.1 percent and data gaps persist to tell the story of how ECE impacts children’s learning (Ministry of General Education, 2017). Ministry of General Education and local partners in Zambia agree with the global evidence base demonstrating that foundational learning begins in early childhood, and high-quality ECE programming has been found to have positive effects on subsequent learning outcomes (Yoshikawa & Kabay 2015; Weatherholt et al., 2018).
In partnership with the Ministry of General Education, DevTech sought to close the data gap on early childhood by conducting an original research study that compares learner performance levels and the ECE environment over time. The Baseline ECE Research Study addressed the following questions:
- What are the baseline levels of cognitive, pre-mathematics and pre-literacy, social and emotional and language measures of learners who have just entered ECE?
- What differences in cognitive, pre-mathematics, pre-literacy, social and emotional skills, if any, can be observed between Grade 1 learners who attended ECE the year before and those that did not?
- How are ECE teachers teaching the ECE curriculum to learners? What pedagogies do they use?
- How is the ECE classroom and school environment set up for ECE learners?
- What materials are available and used by ECE teachers to teach the ECE curriculum?
The sample comprises fifty-two urban and rural Government-run schools from Eastern and Western provinces. DevTech assessed over 1000 learners using the Save the Children International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA) tool and conducted 50 classroom observations using the Early Childhood Development (ECD) Measure Measuring Early Learning Environment (MELE) tool, a module of the Measuring Early Learning Quality and Outcomes (MELQO) These tools have been adapted for use within the Zambian context by various researchers. In this study, researchers received extensive training to use the research tools. DevTech assessed learners in Grade 1 that did and did not access ECE to draw differences between learner groups and observed classrooms to understand teacher pedagogies and the ECE environment according to the Ministry of General Education Standards.
Together with the Ministry of General Education, DevTech contributed to the ECE evidence base in Zambia by drawing the below conclusions.
Learner Performance
Overall, DevTech measured school readiness as an average of the IDELA assessment domains: emergent numeracy, emergent literacy, social & emotional skills, and motor development. As shown in Figure 1. ECE Entrant School Readiness Scores, learners entering ECE scored 45 percent at baseline with no statistical significance between boys and girls. ECE learners performed best in motor development, suggesting that playing or walking long distances to school may contribute to learners’ development skills. Conversely, entrant ECE learners in emergent literacy, numeracy, and social & emotional skills were lower, suggesting that while learners do possess some skill in these domains, there is significant room for improvement over the course of ECE programming. Generally, the most difficult tasks for learners were puzzle completion and letter identification. This may suggest that learners have difficulty problem-solving how parts contribute to a whole and have had infrequent exposure to written languages.
In addition, DevTech researchers compared school readiness skill levels for Grade 1 learners that did and did not have ECE programming and found that as shown in Figure 2. School Readiness by ECE Participation, in all domains learners that entered Grade 1 with ECE had statistically significant higher scores in all school readiness domains. On average, assessed Grade 1 learners that had ECE performed five percent better than those learners that did not. Importantly, the results indicate that ECE programming among sampled schools contributes to increased motor development, emergent literacy, social & emotional, and emergent literacy skills. Further, DevTech analyzed factors associated with ECE learners’ school readiness and discovered learners performed better when learners learn in their Mother Tongue and have someone read to them at home. For teachers, learners had higher scores when teachers provided learning opportunities to develop expressive language skills and promoted free play or open choice.
Teachers & the ECE Environment
DevTech analyzed teacher pedagogies and the ECE environment through observing learning activities and environmental factors on a one – four scale. One represents the absence of an activity or condition, such as no observation of engaging children in gross motor activities or not having age-appropriate toilets for young learners. Four represents if the activity or condition is high-quality or offered frequently. Examples include a high-quality ECE classroom that has no safety hazards (e.g., broken glass or exposed nails) or learners having multiple opportunities to develop mathematics skills. Overall, most observed teachers did not provide learning opportunities that promote play-based pedagogies. Most teachers, for example, did not tell or read children stories or offer opportunities for children to have music or movement activities. Findings at the teacher-level suggest teachers may benefit from greater support or training to implement the Ministry of General Education’s guidance to utilize play-based teaching methods. In addition to teacher pedagogies, DevTech also observed classroom conditions against Ministry of General Education standards. While most classrooms tended to meet the minimum standard for having a water source and handwashing facilities, researchers noted handwashing practices and having age-appropriate toilet facilities for ECE learners were significantly below standards. Overall, more than half of ECE teachers primarily use repetition to provide instruction to ECE learners. Additionally, there is insufficient reading or classroom materials to support implementation of Ministry of General Education classroom standards. DevTech’s research reveals that there is significant room to provide capacity-building training for teachers and assist school staff by providing sufficient materials.
Recommendations & Next Steps
DevTech staff presented research findings and recommendations to the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of General Education to inform policy and ECE programming. Important recommendations arising from this research for the Ministry of General Education include to:
- Coach and mentor teachers in play-based literacy and numeracy pedagogies;
- Provide teaching and learning materials for teachers;
- Provide in-service training to ECE teachers in the production of teaching and learning materials using locally available materials;
- Develop data-driven plans to scale-up ECE programming based on enrollment data; and
- Develop quantifiable benchmarks and assessments.
Following consultations with the Ministry of General Education at the national-level, DevTech and the Ministry of General Education staff will disseminate results to provincial stakeholders to inform policy making for future ECE programming.
The research findings offer important data for the Ministry of General Education and various education stakeholders in Zambia. While the Ministry of General Education has made great strides in providing access to ECE—such as developing ECE infrastructure, providing in-service training for ECE teachers and introducing ECE teacher training in colleges of education—there is additional work to complete to ensure that learners receive equality ECE that will significantly contribute to school readiness and overall development of ECE learners.
Notes:
Ministry of General Education. 2017. Zambia Educational Statistical Bulletin 2016. Lusaka: Ministry of General Education. http://www.moge.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=50.
Weatherholt, Tara, Rehemah Nabacwa, Luis Crouch, Jennifer Pressley, Rachel Jordan, Henry Healey, Katherine Merseth, and Eileen Dombrowski. March 2018. Uganda Early Years Study: Final Report. Prepared by RTI International for DFID. Uganda_Early_Years_Final_Report_RTI_2019.pdf.
Yoshikawa, H. and S. Kabay. 2015. The Evidence Base on Early Childhood Care and Education in Global Contexts (Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2015, Education for All 2000–2015: Achievements and Challenges). Paris: UNESCO.